The community organizing tradition is long overdue for reexamination. In Occupation: Organizer, scholar and activist Cléeacute;ment Petitjean traces that history from its roots in the Progressive movement to its expansion and diverging paths during the social movements of the 1960s and '70s, when Saul Alinsky became the most popular "professional radical" in the US while groups like Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Students for a Democratic Society, and the Black Panthers recast organizers as horizontal, antihierarchical spadeworkers-those who do the work as part of the community, rather than standing apart from it.

But in the years since, the professionalization of organizing work has only increased, despite the critiques. Only by grappling with its limitations and pitfalls, Petitjean insists, can we learn to build durable, effective organizations for change.

Clément Petitjean is an associate professor of American studies at the Université Panthéon Sorbonne in Paris. He holds a PhD in sociology. His writing has appeared in academic journals and popular outlets like Jacobin, Contretemps, and Le Monde diplomatique.