This open access book shows how the adoption of global justice, such as eradication of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), has given rise to controversy, resistance, and transformation at the national, regional, and grass-roots levels in African and Asian countries where FGM/C has been practiced. It provides readers with up-to-date information about the effects of the campaign to eradicate FGM/C and the present situation of those countries, to which preceding books on FGM/C have scarcely referred. Adopting "zero tolerance" as a policy of eradication, WHO and other UN agencies have opposed any type of FGM/C, and many African countries have criminalized the practice. Although the campaign is based on the human rights discourse which is shared globally, the controversies concerning eradication of FGM/C on the national level and the responses of communities on the local level in those countries are diverse and complicated. Various actors such as NGOs, government officials, religious leaders, medical workers, and local inhabitants are embroiled and negotiate with each other concerning its eradication.

With this book, readers are provided with an in-depth analysis of the complicated controversies and responses of local communities, referring to their particular historical and social backgrounds. The book provides two chapters on FGM/C in Asian countries, where not many studies have done yet. It also presents readers with a study of the arguments and responses to FGM/C of African immigrants by Australian health-care professionals as well as a study of male circumcision eradication campaigns, which have been carried on in tandem with FGM/C eradication campaigns but still not have been successful. With its many elaborate case studies, this book is highly recommended to readers who seek an in-depth and up-to-date integrated overview of the FGM/C studies as well as studies on the applicability of global justice to local communities.

Kyoko Nakamura, PhD., is a Professor at the Faculty of Global and Regional Studies, Toyo University, Japan. She has been conducting research among pastoral communities in Kenya. Her research interests are age system and life-course changes, tourism and culture, and body adornments and beads.

Kaori Miyachi is a visiting researcher at Saga University, Japan. She conducted research on gender and reproductive health issues in Asian, South American, and African countries. She also worked in the international NGO, UN, JICA projects, and several universities to promote gender equality.

Yukio Miyawaki, PhD., is a Professor at the Graduate School of Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Japan. He majors in area studies and cultural anthropology. He has been studying agro-pastoral societies in Ethiopia, focusing on their natural resource utilization, historical memories, and the effects of agricultural development projects on their societies.

Makiko Toda, Ph.D., is a Professor at the Faculty of Contemporary Society, Kyoto Women's University, Japan. She majors in comparative politics and international relations. She has been studying ethnic relations, political system, gender issues in Africa, especially in Nigeria, Kenya, and Rwanda.